In recent years, the press has regularly reported on several emergencies related to Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS). This infectious disease is caused by the bacterium S. aureus (Staphylococcus), a subgroup of Staphylococcus aureus, and primarily affects young women who use tampons and menstrual cups. Although S. aureus, which occurs naturally, is harmless when it comes into contact with the surface of our skin, it can become dangerous when it releases certain toxins into our bloodstream: TSST-1. These can then attack internal organs such as the lungs, liver, and kidneys. Of the women who are carriers of the bacteria (15 to 40% of the population), only 4% suffer from Toxic Shock Syndrome. The number of cases registered per year in France is 20, and only 5% of treated patients die. Despite a relatively low mortality rate, this infection still has a severe course, and it is strongly advised to take the necessary health protection measures to avoid it.
Toxic Shock Syndrome: What is the cause?
TSS is primarily caused by improper use of tampons or menstrual cups during a normal or heavy period. Most often, the syndrome is the result of wearing the tampon for too long, beyond the recommended 4 to 6 hours. The infection can be explained biologically. During menstruation, the acidity of the vagina decreases and its pH level changes. This environment is thus favorable for the proliferation of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. If menstrual blood stagnates in the vaginal area for too long and irritates the mucous membranes of the uterus and hymen, TSST-1 toxins can be produced by these bacteria and enter the bloodstream.
"As with tampons that have been worn for too long, it has recently been shown that silicone menstrual cups can also cause Toxic Shock Syndrome. Contrary to what has been discussed for a long time, the composition of the tampon or menstrual cup is said to play no role in the occurrence of this infection. The toxins released by the bacterium S. aureus are currently considered solely responsible for TSS. In addition to improper use of tampons or menstrual cups, some contraceptives can also lead to this infection. The diaphragm, contraceptive sponge, and cervical cap are contraceptive methods that can increase the risk of TSS."
The phenomenon mainly affects the female genital organs, but the rest of the population, i.e. men and children, can also suffer from TSS. TSS can also be caused, in a milder form, by a wound infection or burn.
.
Recognizing TSS Symptoms
Due to the lack of studies and data on this infection, the diagnosis can sometimes be difficult even for medical professionals. The Toxic Shock Syndrome causes various recurring symptoms that initially resemble those of the flu and should alarm you:
- sore throat
- Fever: over 38.9°C
- Muscle and joint pain.
Later may occur:
- Skin rash or skin irritations similar to sunburn
- Digestive problems (such as diarrhea, vomiting...).
The toxic shock itself leads to:
- severe drop in blood pressure
- an accelerated heart rate,
- a state of confusion and severe headaches,
- fainting or coma,
- an infection of the limbs that can mutate into gangrene and, in rare cases, lead to amputations or even death.
If you have several of these symptoms, especially during menstruation, or if you have an infected wound, you should seek emergency care immediately.
How is the TSS treated?
If you have noticed several symptoms of Toxic Shock Syndrome, you should remove the tampon or menstrual cup immediately, if you haven't done so already. This is essential and must be done before going to the emergency room. In the hospital, the emergency doctors can immediately administer an intravenous blood pressure-raising medication. Antibiotics are usually also given to stop the infection.
Tips for Infection Prevention
To avoid the occurrence of Toxic Shock Syndrome and its possible serious complications, you should take certain essential precautions:
- Talk to your gynecologist and have your cervix examined regularly.
- Ensure impeccable intimate hygiene of your vaginal flora by washing your hands before and after using a feminine hygiene product, such as a tampon or menstrual cup.
- Change your tampon or sterilize your menstrual cup at least every 4 to 6 hours.
- "Use reusable, washable, hygienic, absorbent synthetic pads or period underwear at night. Wearing a tampon at night, even if it is made of organic cotton, should definitely be avoided!"
- Choose a contraceptive method with the lowest risk, such as the pill or IUD, and avoid the diaphragm, contraceptive sponge, or cervical cap.
- "For optimal hygienic conditions and a lower risk of toxic shock syndrome, the use of period underwear is recommended."
Period panties: for optimal intimate hygiene and health
To avoid the risk of infection, one should definitely pay attention to adequate intimate hygiene. The use of period panties during menstruation is certainly the gentlest and healthiest alternative when it comes to monthly hygiene. They not only significantly reduce the risk of TSS but are also an environmentally friendly product, as they are washable and reusable, unlike panty liners. The composition of disposable tampons and sanitary pads is not always harmless: some of them contain various potentially carcinogenic chemical compounds and endocrine disruptors. By using a more natural menstrual protection like washable sanitary pads and period panties, you protect your intimate hygiene and health.
